Saturday, December 28, 2019

Essay about Smoking and Advertisements - 769 Words

Smoking and Advertisements We used to watch the dark silhouette of the Marlboro Cowboy riding off into the setting sun. In this day and age, the Marlboro Cowboy turns to his partner and says, â€Å"Bob I’ve got emphysema.† Within the last decade, smoking advertisements have been completely overshadowed by radical anti-tobacco advertisements. Smoking no longer brings to mind images of beautiful blonde women daintily holding cigarettes between their fingers. In place of this image, commercials display the realistic gory effects of cigarettes such as a woman with a hole in her throat and a man with his mouth completely deteriorated by smoking-caused cancer. Along with the media, the American public has changed their attitudes toward the†¦show more content†¦The litigants must have failed to notice the â€Å"Congressionally mandated† warning label attached to each cigarette box they have purchased for the last thirty years. George Jonas from the National Post argues that there are individuals who could have been unaware and uneducated of the risks of smoking. He says, â€Å"I wouldn’t dream of suggesting that there isn’t anyone who could justifiably sue tobacco companies for failing to make him or her aware of the hazards of smoking. There are such beings. They include ET and other visitors from outer space, to say nothing of such figures as Sleeping Beauty or Rip van Winkle† (1). In other words, people who chose to smoke within the last 30 years knew full well that there were jeopardizing their health. Nevertheless, the jurors in Florida who handed out the biggest verdict in United States history did not believe that choosing to smoke was at all relative to the case. Juror foreman, Leighton Finegan, said, â€Å"This case was not about choosing to smoke. It’s about if you know you’re making a defective product, and these companies knew that† (Driscoll 1). The jurors of this case firmly believe they are sending out a message â€Å" for all companies in America that they can’t fraudulently represent anything to the public† (Driscoll 1). Unfortunately that is not the message their final decision sends to the American public. TheShow MoreRelatedAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned Essay974 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned. Advertisements involving smoking should be prohibited. Kids and teens that are the most impressionable and easily influenced. Cigarette promotions make smoking appear harmless and cool and have led to many kids under the age of 18 to have smoked for years. The advertisements on quitting smoking and how bad they are for you may be effective for older viewers, however many teens and kids are drawn to cigarettes even more because adults are saying it isRead MoreAnalysis of Anti-Smoking Advertisements1385 Words   |  6 Pages Analysis  of  Anti ­Smoking  Advertisements Smoking   is   becoming   more   and   more   of   a   problem   throughout   the   world.   Smoking cigarettes   used   to   symbolize   wealth   and  status  in  society.  Today,  smoking  seems  to  be  more  of  a trend   to   look   â€Å"cool†.    It   is   very   much   advertised   against   on   television   today.   Since   tobacco companies   don’t   advertise   on   television   the   anti ­smoking   companies   already   have   a   huge   step ahead.   More   people   than   past   decades   have  Read MoreAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned975 Words   |  4 PagesAdvertisements For Smoking Should Be Banned. 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Unaware what to do next, he cries and cries (See Figure 1). ARead MoreWould Anyone Engage In Smoking Cigarettes If Each Cigarette1326 Words   |  6 Pages Would anyone engage in smoking cigarettes if each cigarette had an effect written on the side, such as lethal, or fatal? Advertisements pop up on the TV commercials, in newspapers, and magazines that illustrate the reality of what happens when engaging in smoking tobacco, but yet people still smoke cigarettes. Some of these advertisements campaigning against big tobacco companies use pretty graphic and shocking images to convince the popula tion that tobacco is just awful for the body. Health organizationsRead MorePersuasive Essay On Anti Smoking715 Words   |  3 Pagescigarette smoking causes about one of every five deaths in the United States. The CDC goes on to state cigarette smoking is estimated to cause more than 480,000 deaths annually (including deaths from secondhand smoke). 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Tobacco was first introduced by Native Americans. Tobacco was known to be harmless and a stress reliever. Eventually, smoking became popular all over the world and as normal as food. The increase in technology has brought out all the negative aspects and the side effects of smoking. Scientific analysis has proven that smoking is one of the main causes for death in the world. Since smoking hasRead MoreRhetorical Essay687 Words   |  3 Pagesthe Anti-Smoking Advertisements Joshua Martinez DeVry University ENG-112-64585 Anti-smoking advertisements occasionally pop up throughout our society which is often showing the viewers the harmful effects of tobacco through startling images. This advertisement uses the elements of ethos, pathos, and logos in order to make people rethink about smoking. The video advertisement uses children to make a point across by showing real scenarios on the effects of smoking. It shows

Friday, December 20, 2019

The Organizational Culture Of The Lincoln Electric Company

The Organizational Culture of the Lincoln Electric Company The Lincoln Electric Company is one of the largest manufacturers of welding machines and electrodes in the world. With about 2,400 employees in the USA and near 600 workers in other countries. The Lincoln management plan is well known for accomplishing the highest worker productivity. His founder Mr. James F. Lincoln died in 1965, leaving a profitable and reliable company. As a president of the business, he invigorated a committee that was confirmed by representatives elected by employees. This committee called the Advisory Board met with him twice a month to advise him on the company operations. The Advisory Board was the pioneer of personal policies to provide benefits to their employees including the reduction of hours from 55 hours to 50 hours a week. In 1915 the workers received a paid-up life insurance. Two years after, the company opened a welding school that is still operating today. In 1919 The Lincoln Electric Employees’ Association was created to offer Health benefi ts and social activities to their employees. By 1923 employees received a two-week paid vacations each year and wages were according to the consumer prices guide. The Lincoln Electric company was designated about 30% of their stock for essential workers. During his period of general manager Mr. James F. Lincoln in 1925, initiated commodities purchase plan for all the workforce. In 1934 a Legendary Lincoln plan of a bonus was proposed by theShow MoreRelatedOrganizational Culture Of The Lincoln Electric Company1107 Words   |  5 PagesThe Culture of a Company, or the Organizational Culture like it is mentioned in Principles of Management, has gotten a new dimension for me in terms of importance to assure the success of a company. This Organizational Culture is based on a series of values that are defined and established by the founder of a company for instance, which has a deep relation with his ethics and moral values. Therefore, the first factor to outline would be what the culture of a company shows, that can describe alr eadyRead MoreOrganizational Culture Of The Lincoln Electric Company1439 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction The Lincoln Electric Company is the world’s largest manufacturer of welding machines and electrons. Lincoln employs 2,400 workers in two U.S. factories near Cleveland, OH and approximately 600 in three factories located in other countries. (The Lincoln Electric Company p. 1.) The main focus of this paper is to analyze the organizational culture of this company, by doing so, I will point out the different features, the rules and norms, beliefs and philosophies and the systems implementedRead MoreThe Organizational Culture Of The Lincoln Electric Company1035 Words   |  5 Pagesthe story of Lincoln Electric Company I’ve come to the Conclusion that their organizational culture they practicing is People-oriented culture. Because the company values fairness, supportiveness and they respect individual rights. There is a greater emphasis on expectation of treating people with respect and dignity. All the founders of the company had a great deal of continues influence on the positioning of the company today, form John C. Lincoln to James F. Lincoln. John C. Lincoln started itRead MoreOrganizational Culture At Lincoln Electric Company Essay957 Words   |  4 PagesOrganizational Culture at Lincoln Electric The Lincoln Electric Company, a manufacturer of welding equipment and supplies, was founded in 1895 by John C. Lincoln as a manufacturer of electric motors. In the early years of the 20th century, James F. Lincoln joined his brother’s company and by 1914 replaced John as the company head, allowing the latter to concentrate his efforts on scientific investigations. In those early years, James F. Lincoln implemented a number of programs and initiatives withRead MoreThe Impact Of Organizational Culture On The Lincoln Electric Company892 Words   |  4 PagesThrough my reading about LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY I can see that organizational culture played an important important role in success of this company. All main elements that form Oranizational culture represented in THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY, that what made this company prospered and thrived in its activity through the applying The P-O-L-C Framework effectively. I can discern the aspects of influence of oraganizational culture in manging this company towards higher levels in output through theRead MoreOrganizational Culture And The Lincoln Electric Company1212 Words   |  5 PagesORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY The success of a business is intimately tied to the success of its culture. To understand better how organisational culture is created and maintained we will examine one of America’s most successfully managed companies, the Lincoln Electric company. We will examine many aspects of the company that contribute to its culture, such as the influence of the company’s founders, the golden rule, the incentive management plan, the performance appraisalRead MoreOrganizational Culture And The Lincoln Electric Company1303 Words   |  6 PagesORGANISATIONAL CULTURE AND THE LINCOLN ELECTRIC COMPANY The success of a business is intimately tied to the success of its culture. To understand better how organisational culture is created and maintained we will examine one of America’s most successfully managed companies, the Lincoln Electric company. We will examine many aspects of the company that contribute to its culture, such as the influence of the company’s founders, the golden rule, the incentive management plan, the performance appraisalRead MoreAnalysis Of Lincoln Electric Company Of Cleveland Ohio Usa S Organizational Culture877 Words   |  4 PagesLincoln Electric Company of Cleveland Ohio USA`s organizational Culture is exceptional and has earned it the acolade of being the best managed manufacturing company in the whole world. I will explore and attempt to identify culture aspects of Lincoln Electric from several issues such as; the continuing influence of founders of the company, the golden rule, the incentive management plan,the performance appraisal system, how people communicate in the organization, the merit pay plan, the bonus planRead MoreThe Legacy Of The Lincoln Electric Company Essay718 Words   |  3 PagesThe Lincoln Electric Company proves that the right mix of â€Å"organizational culture styles† can achieve profitable business growth over the long haul. The continuing influence, employee benefits/incentives, and management styles initiated by company founder John C. Lincoln and James F. Lincoln have built a profitable business for shareholders and employees alike. Let’s, look at Mr. Author Sharplins Harvard Case study and The Lincoln Electric Company webpage to further delineate the styles of organizationalRead MoreLincoln Electric Company s Impact On Corporate Culture905 Words   |  4 Pagesvalue†; as found within Lincoln Electrics’ Vision Statement (Lincoln Electric 1999-2016). The beliefs and values transferred from company founders and instilled into employees can have an overwhelming impact on corporate culture. By establishing a positive corporate culture one can influence exceptional company performance. This is clearly demonstrated by Lincoln Electric Company, from its early days until its present day. I will present how the Lincoln Electric Company has done just that! Before

Thursday, December 12, 2019

Stress - Mindfulness and Anxiety in Aviation

Question: Discuss about the Stress, Mindfulness and Anxiety in Aviation. Answer: Introduction According to Driskell Salas (2013), accidents take place in aviation due to the sequence of mistakes. Stress, lack of concentration and anxiety of the pilot or the aircrew seem to be main reasons behind such accidents. The task that they do is not an easy one. As opined by Leonhardt Vogt (2012), situations may occur where they lose their focus or fail to read the present situation properly resulting into a major accident. According to Wagner et al (2015), sometimes, not the individual but the organization is to be blamed for the lack of systematic scheduling of the task that has stem out of any physical and psychological reason. In such cases, one cannot do anything after the accident had already taken place. Therefore, precaution is needed to prevent it. As discussed by Wagner et al (2015), apart from technological fault, people who lead the journey are the main reason for such accidents. He continued that as soon as the reason of anxiety, stress and lack of concentration is ident ified, necessary measures should be taken. It takes both time and systematic procedure to overcome such psychological barriers. According to vine et al (2015), any physical problem can also be a reason and it should be identified too. In this essay, some accidents will be analyzed to find out the way it occurred. It will help to outline the prevalent cases and the most occurred problem. After discussing the prevalent issues, some solutions will be addressed The effect of stress, anxiety and lack of concentration in aviation According to Archer (2015), human factors play a major role in aviation safety and security. Before one reaches to the solution, it is important to understand how anxiety, stress and lack of concentration cause accidents. As pointed out by Ford et al (2013), for example, due to the improper use of terminology and heavy accents of Dutch KLM crew, an accident occurred in 1977. Reportedly, 583 passengers died in that accident. Again, in 1980, a misunderstanding occurred while giving holding pattern clearance. As a result, the jet collided with a mountain and 146 people died. According to Zhu Ma (2015), in 1990, confusion between the signal minimum fuel and fuel emergency caused an accident. As focused by Kemp et al (2013), one of the striking cases happened in 1993, when a pilot failed to understand the meaning of pull up. One can understand form these examples, that communication barrier is a major problem because communication between the aircrews operates the whole system. However, according to Kaiser (2013), miscommunication is a result of many things. These are as follows: Language Time Other people Distance Distractions Discomfort with the topic Lack of interest Disability Put downs Noise Too many questions According to Driskell et al (2014), communication is a two-way process that involves the sender and the receiver. All the above-mentioned points affect the transfer of the message between the sender and the receiver. Other physical and psychological problems such as stress and fatigue, ambiguity due to anxiety can damage the communication process. As opined by Meland et al (2015), stress is a psychological condition, which is related to the physical condition. Lack of proper sleep and physical exercise can make a person distressed and anxious. It also hampers the mindfulness. Lack of concentration, on the other hand, disrupts clear and logical thinking ultimately damaging the message transfer process and situation awareness. All these physical and psychological issues are interrelated. According to Ursin (2012), clear thinking that leads to decision-making is guided by the emotions. When a person is wrong, he confidently takes wrong decisions. According to Wang et al (2013, October), moreover, stress leads to confusion and discomfort. The mind can come to a point of stagnancy due to this discomfort. Self-development is the only way to solve this problem. Wang et al (2013, October) added an example, in 1994; stress factor resulted into an accident in Pittsburgh. As opined by Powell (2016), an intense level of stress hardens the skill operation. It may be that the person is skilled and had no bad reputation yet under a stressful condition he failed to manage the situation through an application of survival strategies. The pilot receives the threat and under stress, he loses the ability to continue with his high-level performance. Effects of communication barrier at organizational level An effective communication can reduce the confusion within the cockpit and prevent the accident. It can make the pilot or any other aircrew aware about the situation for taking the right decision at the right time. According to Martins (2016), in aviation, English is the standardized language and the common terminologies are in English. It is because aviation is a global business serving the customers worldwide. The organization runs smoothly if the customers are happy and satisfied. As opined by Baker (2013), it demands clarity of thought, politeness, calmness and a good temper. According to Linacre Linacre (2016), stress and anxiety can damage the communication process here. It has an effect at the organizational level because the customers expect a good service from the pilot, customer service agent, cabin crew, pilot, or from an air traffic controller. While transferring the non-verbal messages such as symbols and gestures, the situation is even more complex. The common errors c an be the failure to decode the symbols, misinterpretation of runway designator, misinterpretation of height or attitude, and misinterpretation of clearances including take off, hold positions, landing and hold short. According to Ikusika (2012), any miscommunication between the pilot and the Air Traffic Controller (ATC) is dangerous. As opined by Clay-Williams Colligan (2015), reportedly, ATC- pilot misunderstanding was the reason behind almost 200 cases of accidents previously. Apart from it, the pilot and the cabin crew also need an uninterrupted communication for the smooth workflow. As discussed by Conway et al (2013, September), whereas the psychological barriers have an impact, the physical barriers that affect the communication are the following: Cockpit door allows less face-to-face communication because of the separation Cockpit personnel work in a confined place In spite of the short space, many people interact inside it Other reasons of communication barrier between the pilot and the cabin crew are the following. According to Taylor et al (2014), these factors create hazard at the time of any emergency task. Cultural difference between the pilot and the cabin crew Joint training between the cabin crew and the flight crew is limited Formal and informal interactions between them is restricted by the schedules Communication between them is affected by the stress and anxiety due to the emergency task Communication barriers are present at the organizational level too, i.e. barriers within the organization. As discussed by Leonhardt Vogt (2012), it is due to the difference in objectives for example, the safety versus service. Difference in manuals and training procedures determines the skill and ability of the aircrews and the pilot. As opined by Baker (2013), development of the skill encourages fewer instances of confusion and anxiety. Although the organizational goal remains the maintenance of safety and security, the flight crew and cabin crew have their own separate tasks and they need to fulfill them by exercising both knowledge and attention. According to Archer (2015), whereas, the flight crew is responsible for taking the aircraft safely to the destination, the cabin crew takes care of the safety of the passengers. However, for a systematic and organized workflow both the cabin crew and the flight crew work collaboratively. Thus, safety and security of the aviation is main tained and maximized. Reasons of physical, psychological and physiological stress in aviation According to Ikusika (2012), focusing on aviation sector, some specific reasons for stress can be outlined. These are the following: High temperature inside the cockpit or hanger creates an uncomfortable situation due to perspiration and overheating. Low temperature makes them weak and distressed. Changing air pressure exerts g-force on the body and makes the controlling of the aircraft a difficult task Vibration of the seat makes the reading of navigational chart difficult Anything more than the usual noise level that ranges from 70-80 dB is the reason behind stress and it hampers the concentration level Technical data is difficult to read inside the work area due to poor lightings. Use of torch cannot solve this problem Intense fog makes the visibility difficult. As opined by Meland et al (2015), the psychological barriers include both the personal and work related problems that make an aircrew over-anxious. As a result, it affects the workflow. Apart from it, there are some physiological barriers too. These are as following: Continuation of the work instead of unwell physical condition, especially, in case of a pilot. He fails to concentrate on his job properly due to illness. Insufficient meals in between the journeys can worsen the physical condition Lack of proper sleep creates fatigue. It happens because the pilot is scheduled to perform long hours job The circadian cycle of the body is affected due to conflicting schedules of the shifts. It degrades the performance level Remedies to the situations It is already discussed that stress and anxiety and lead to miscommunication which can hamper the skill and ability of an individual in aviation. How it affects at the organizational level is also detailed. Now, the possible solutions for the identified problems will be recommended. According to Wagner et al (2015), for the purpose of stress management, Cognitive Resilience can be a useful tool. Psychological stress is linked to physical stress. Vine et al (2015) opined that one could measure the stress level and the ability for maintaining situational awareness through CR. It is important for an aircrew to understand how much he is cognitively fit. According to Clay-Williams Colligan (2015), consultation with the therapist is necessary in case of setting the soft benchmark to measure CR and for the hard benchmark one should go to endocrinologist. According to Ikusika (2012), hard benchmark helps to evaluate the fitness associated to stress management. Experiential learning, which i ncludes time-limited back counting, exercise, and checking of the heart rate develop skill. According to, stress management involves a set of skills. Meland et al (2015) opined that hard benchmark becomes soft benchmark as time passes. Meland et al (2015) added that kill development through stress management develops the understanding level. Stress is first a physical condition and then a psychological one. Therefore, it is important to reduce the physical stress. It can be done through the following: Proper 8 hours sleep per day is necessary. If it is inadequate, one should extend the time of sleeping on the other days. According to Zhu Ma, (2015), a proper and comfortable sleep, which includes Melatonin cycle, i.e. fade in and fade out of light, increases the level of clear thinking. Systematic physical exercise relaxes the body and encourages comfortable sleep that ultimately removes stress Development of concentration level through practice increases ability of situation awareness. It is the cognitive fitness, which enables one to take good decisions. However, this cognitive fitness should be maintained. However, Clay-Williams Colligan (2015), discussed that airmanship should involve the following: Critical thinking Threat and Error Management Operational Mindfulness Decision making Situational Awareness As opined by Ursin (2012), mindfulness can be developed through the following: Experiential training Training of the mind to develop unbiased judgment Development of awareness control To understand the mindfulness, the aircrews should engage in a critical analysis of the situation that they go through if they are unable to make out the problem. According to Meland et al (2015), introspection should include the following questions: How is the problem connected to my task? Do I have adequate and proper information associated to the task? Where should I focus more? Do my mind divert from the actual problem? Am I not able to understand the relevant problems? How much my point is relevant to the issue I am addressing? What are the facts that can help me get the answers? How much the considerations that I have outlined truly answer my queries? According to Driskell Salas (2013), to be able to control the thinking process should be the objective of the aircrews for the development of mindfulness and situational awareness. According to Zhu Ma (2015), some queries during the process of introspection can discipline the thinking process. These are the following: Is it the proper question to ask at the present situation? Is there any major issue that I should address at the present situation? Does the question focus on the real issue? What information do I need to solve the queries? What should be the justified conclusion of the facts questioned? What is my point of view? Should I apply another point of view? Is there any other way to analyze? What are the related questions that I should take account? Such ways of critical thinking is self- disciplined, self- directed and self-monitored. As a result of critical thinking, situation awareness is increased that leads an aircrew to take proper decision. Conclusion Throughout the discussion, it is brought out that human factor plays a major role in aviation. It is essential that they maintain a smooth workflow. However, the past events have showed how one simple mistake can lead to a major accident that takes away many lives. There are many interrelated reasons behind these accidents. Some happened due to the disorganized working environment, and most of them occurred because of the failure from the pilots side. Misunderstanding due to miscommunication seems to be one of the primary reasons. However, it is already discussed how these miscommunication can borne out of the lack of concentration and psychological stress. There are other reasons too, which create miscommunication, but stress, anxiety and lack of concentration in a pilot can become very dangerous. It is a well-known fact that the task of a pilot needs a lot of concentration, situation awareness and presence of mind. Whereas, physical stress and fatigue affects the concentration leve l and damages the situation, it also hampers the communication between the personnel who work together for the accomplishment of the tasks. There are some methods through which physical stress and fatigue can be overcome. It reduces the anxiety level and enables the unhindered transfer of messages between the sender and the receiver. Proper sleep and physical exercise are the two most necessary elements that remove physical stress. There are some other ways too which have been discussed. Apart from the ensuring security at the individual level, organizational framework and their working procedure have an impact on the safety and security of the aviation. Reference Archer, S. K. (2015). Gender, Communication, and Aviation Incidents/Accidents.Journal of Media Critiques [JMC],1(2). Baker, R. (2013).Understanding Trauma: how to overcome post-traumatic stress. Lion Books. Driskell, J. E., Salas, E. (Eds.). (2013).Stress and human performance. Psychology Press. Driskell, T., Driskell, J. E., Salas, E. (2014). Stress, performance, and decision making in organizations.Judgment and decision making at work, 251-276. Ford, J., Henderson, R., O'Hare, D. (2013). Barriers to intra-aircraft communication and safety: The perspective of the flight attendants.The International Journal of Aviation Psychology,23(4), 368-387. Kaiser, S. A. (2013). Automation and Limits of Human Performance: Potential Factors in Aviation Accidents.ZLW,62, 204. Kemp, P. M., Cardona, P. S., Chaturvedi, A. K., Soper, J. W. (2013).Distribution of 9-Tetrahydrocannabinol and 11-Nor-9-Carboxy-9-Tetrahydrocannabinol in Postmortem Biological Fluids and Tissues From Pilots Fatally Injured in Aviation Accidents(No. DOT/FAA/AM-13/24). Leonhardt, J., Vogt, M. J. (Eds.). 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Wagner, M., Sahar, Y., Elbaum, T., Botzer, A., Berliner, E. (2015). Grip Force as a Measure of Stress in Aviation.The International Journal of Aviation Psychology,25(3-4), 157-170. Wang, H., Xie, G., Zheng, J. (2013, October). A New Model of Psychological Education for General Aviation Trainees. InInternational Academic Workshop on Social Science (IAW-SC-13). Atlantis Press. Zhu, S. X., Ma, W. L. (2015). Cockpit/cabin Crew Communication: Problems and Countermeasures. InInternational Conference on Education, Management, Commerce and Society (EMCS15). Ikusika, O. M., Joseph, L., Nagy, P. (2012). The Safety Attitudes Questionnaire in radiology: a cornerstone of a successful quality program.Journal of the American College of Radiology,9(2), 150-151. Clay-Williams, R., Colligan, L. (2015). Back to basics: checklists in aviation and healthcare.BMJ quality safety,24(7), 428-431. Conway, D., Dick, I., Li, Z., Wang, Y., Chen, F. (2013, September). The effect of stress on cognitive load measurement. InIFIP Conference on Human-Computer Interaction(pp. 659-666). Springer Berlin Heidelberg. Taylor, A., Dixon-Hardy, D. W., Wright, S. J. (2014). Simulation training in UK general aviation: An undervalued aid to reducing loss of control accidents.The International Journal of Aviation Psychology,24(2), 141-152.